The first dedicated cyber agency in the United States was the Joint Task Force–Computer Network Defense (JTF-CND), established by the Department of Defense and achieving initial operating capability on December 1, 1998. Its creation was driven by the growing recognition of cyber threats, particularly after high-profile military exercises and real-world incidents exposed vulnerabilities in Pentagon networks. JTF-CND was tasked with defending military computer networks and reporting directly to the Secretary of Defense, marking the first time a unified command structure was established for cyber defense operations. This agency later evolved into the Joint Task Force–Computer Network Operations (JTF-CNO) in 2001, integrating both defensive and offensive cyber missions, and laid the groundwork for the eventual establishment of U.S. Cyber Command in 2010.
The Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) is a standardized framework used to assess the severity of software vulnerabilities, providing a numerical score that helps organizations prioritize remediation efforts based on risk. In contrast, the Exploit Prediction Scoring System (EPSS) is a newer metric designed to estimate the likelihood that a vulnerability will be exploited in the wild, using real-world data and predictive analytics to inform patching priorities. Together, CVSS and EPSS enable security teams to make more informed decisions by combining the technical impact of vulnerabilities (CVSS) with the probability of exploitation (EPSS), thereby enhancing risk management and resource allocation.
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