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    While agencies provide the technical “how-to,” national governments provide the legal “must-do” by transforming voluntary standards into binding statutory requirements. Their role is to codify cybersecurity as a matter of national security and public safety through comprehensive laws—such as the EU’s NIS2 Directive, the Cyber Resilience Act (CRA), or the UK’s Cyber Security and Resilience Bill. By 2026, governments have shifted toward active enforcement, moving beyond simple guidance to mandate specific outcomes: rigorous incident reporting within 24–72 hours, supply chain transparency, and personal liability for “management bodies” who fail to oversee risk. Through these laws, governments ensure that cybersecurity is no longer a discretionary IT expense but a foundational legal obligation for any entity operating within critical infrastructure or the digital single market.