Laws and regulations form the binding legal foundation that organizations must comply with, establishing mandatory security, risk management, and incident reporting obligations, often backed by supervisory oversight and sanctions. Laws are typically adopted by a legislative body and set high-level legal principles and rights (such as data protection, critical infrastructure security, or cybercrime offenses), while regulations provide more detailed, enforceable rules and technical requirements to operationalize those principles. For example, the General Data Protection Regulation imposes strict obligations on personal data security and breach notification, and the NIS2 Directive strengthens cybersecurity risk management and incident reporting duties for essential and important entities across the EU. Unlike standards or frameworks, compliance with these instruments is not voluntary: failure to meet their requirements can result in fines, liability, or other legal consequences.
This regulation requires public companies to enhance and standardize their disclosures regarding cybersecurity to provide investors with more consistent and decision-useful information. It mandates two primary types of reporting: the… Read More »Cybersecurity Risk Management, Strategy, Governance, and Incident Disclosure (Final Rule; Release No. 33-11216)
The EU NIS 2 Directive, formally known as Directive (EU) 2022/2555, establishes a unified legal framework to enhance cybersecurity across the European Union by setting stricter and more comprehensive requirements… Read More »EU Directive 2022/2555 Network and Information Security Directive (NIS2)
The EU Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA) is a regulation that came into effect on January 17, 2025, aimed at strengthening the digital resilience of financial entities across the EU.… Read More »EU Regulation 2022/2554 Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA)
The DSL serves as a fundamental pillar of China’s national security framework, regulating data processing activities across all sectors to safeguard state sovereignty and public interest. It establishes a mandatory… Read More »China Data Security Law (DSL)
The CCPA/CPRA represents the most comprehensive data privacy framework in the United States, granting California residents extensive rights over their personal information, including the right to know, delete, correct, and… Read More »California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (CCPA), as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act of 2020 (CPRA)
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) mandates that organizations processing personal data must implement appropriate technical and organizational measures to ensure cybersecurity proportional to the risks involved. Key cybersecurity requirements… Read More »EU Regulation 2016/679 General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
FISMA is a critical U.S. federal law that defines a comprehensive framework for protecting government information, operations, and assets against natural or man-made threats. It mandates that federal agencies develop,… Read More »US Federal Information Security Modernization Act of 2014 (FISMA)
FedRAMP is a government-wide program that provides a standardized approach to security assessment, authorization, and continuous monitoring for cloud products and services used by U.S. federal agencies. It eliminates redundant… Read More »Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program (FedRAMP)
Enacted in response to high-profile corporate scandals, SOX aims to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures and financial reporting. While primarily a financial regulation, it… Read More »US Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act
The GLBA is a federal law that mandates financial institutions to provide customers with clear explanations of their information-sharing practices while ensuring the protection of sensitive consumer data. The Act… Read More »US Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA)